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What is brass ? |
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Brass is any alloy of copper and zinc; the proportions of
zinc and copper can be varied to create a range of brasses with
varying properties.
In comparison, bronze is principally an alloy of copper and tin.
Despite this distinction, some types of brasses are
called bronzes. Brass is a substitutional alloy. It is used for
decoration for its bright gold-like appearance; for applications
where low friction is required such as locks, gears, bearings,
ammunition, and valves; for plumbing and electrical
applications..
Brass has a muted yellow color,
somewhat similar to gold.
Brass has likely been known to humans since prehistoric
times, even before zinc itself was discovered. It was produced
by melting copper together with calamine, a zinc ore. In the
German village of Breinigerberg, an ancient Roman settlement was
discovered where a calamine ore mine existed. During the melting
process, the zinc is extracted from the calamine and mixes with
the copper. Pure zinc, on the other hand, has too low a boiling
point to have been produced by ancient metalworking techniques.
The many references to 'brass' appearing throughout the King
James Bible are thought to signify another bronze alloy, or
copper, rather than the strict modern definition of 'brass'
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Brass types |
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Admiralty brass contains 30% zinc and 1% tin which inhibits
dezincification in most environments.
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Alpha brasses (Prince's metal), with less than 35% zinc, are
malleable, can be worked cold, and are used in pressing, forging, or similar
applications. They contain only one phase, with face-centered cubic crystal
structure.
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Alpha-beta brass (Muntz metal), also called duplex brass, is
35-45% zinc and is suited for hot working. It contains both α and β' phase;
the β'-phase is body-centered cubic and is harder and stronger than α.
Alpha-beta brasses are usually worked hot.
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Aluminium brass contains aluminium, which improves its corrosion
resistance. Used in Euro coins (Nordic gold).
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Arsenical brass contains an addition of arsenic and frequently
aluminium and is used for boiler fireboxes.
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Beta brasses, with 45-50% zinc content, can only be worked hot, and
are harder, stronger, and suitable for casting.
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Cartridge brass is a 30% zinc brass with good cold working
properties.
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Common brass, or rivet brass, is a 37% zinc brass, cheap and
standard for cold working.
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DZR brass is Dezincification resistant Brass with a small
percentage of Arsenic.
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Gilding metal is the softest type of brass commonly available. An
alloy of 95% copper and 5% zinc, gilding metal is typically used for
ammunition components.
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High brass, contains 65% copper and 35% zinc, has a high tensile
strength and is used for springs, screws, rivets.
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Leaded brass is an alpha-beta brass with an addition of lead. It
has excellent machinability.
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Low brass is a copper-zinc alloy containing 20% zinc with a light
golden color, excellent ductility and is used for flexible metal hoses and
metal bellows.
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Naval brass, similar to admiralty brass, is a 40% zinc brass and 1%
tin.
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Red brass, while not technically brass, is an American term for
CuZnSn alloy known as gunmetal.
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Rich low brass contains 85% copper 15% zinc often used in jewelry
applications .
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White brass contains more than 50% zinc and is too brittle for
general use.
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Yellow brass is an American term for 33% zinc brass.
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Brass Foundry Tips and All About Brass Casting |
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Brass is a great metal to cast with as it can provide
some really great looking results. Many believe that brass, an
alloy of zinc and copper, has been around since our prehistoric
ancestors. Today brass is used or brass material is used in
almost all type of industries, such as aerospace, agriculture,
marine, fastening, pneumatic, plumbing sanitary pipe fitting,
cable accessories, electrical components, electronic components,
oil and gas fitting parts, decorative items, building
construction hardware and mechanical machine parts.
The low melting point makes brass a really great material
for metal casting since even the smaller home grown furnaces can
be used. By adding and subtracting alloys from bronze one can
successfully make hard or soft bronzes. Aluminum and tin are
sometimes added to bronze to create a layer that is not
corrosive and very durable. Of course, for the home foundry
users, playing alchemist isn't really an option or necessary and
scrap brass is perfectly acceptable in many cases. Locating
scrap pieces of brass should be sufficient enough for whatever
project you have in mind. Due to brass' gleam and yellow shine,
many artists will use the alloy for sculptures, jewelry, and
other decorative items. Other metal casters may choose to use
brass for general hardware needs or vintage car restoration, and
of course, whatever else they may choose.
Generally there are three casting methods that prove to
be suitable for brass casting. Metal casters may choose to
experiment with different methods and should not allow
themselves to be limited.
Lost Wax casting is usually associated with bronze
casting but can also be used for brass and for really any other
metal. By using a wax model and covering it with a ceramic
shell, artisans are able to inject the molten alloy which
replaces the wax. Chipping away the shell will reveal the brass
piece. Lost wax casting is used when a high attention to detail
is needed. Artists or metal casters looking to create decorative
brass pieces or sculptures will find that the lost wax casting
technique will meet their needs far better than other techniques
and methods.
Die casting is yet another method used for brass casting. Die casting is normally used in commercial foundries since the
initial start up cost is undesirable for the smaller home
foundries. By using a reusable mold created from steel, the
caster will be able to create scores of identical products. Die
casting with brass should be used if the caster or artists is
planning to make multiples of one product and can find a viable
market for those pieces.
Sand casting is probably the oldest type of casting and
is still a popular method especially for small foundries. The
brass is poured into sand molds and can create a unique look
which may be preferred for the artisans. Sand casting tends to
be the most economically sensible for small foundries and if the
casting does not have to be incredibly attractive then this
method is preferable for many.
Whichever casting method is used for casting the brass
really depends on the individual. Many find that casting brass
to be fun and easy since it does melt rather easily. A large
expensive furnace is not a requirement when casting brass so
first timers using small home made furnaces will find this alloy
attractive. Many have even been able to melt brass in small
ceramic pots using charcoal!
Some ideas of what to make with brass include candle holders,
plumbing fixtures, and even musical |
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Copper Brass
Alloy Specifications |
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ALLOY
SPECIFICATIONS |
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ALLOY DESCRIPTION AND
COMMERCIAL DESIGNATION |
COPPER DEVELOPMENT
ASSOCIATION NUMBER |
MAJOR ELEMENTS NOMINAL
PERCENTAGES COMPOSITION |
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ELECTROLYTIC TOUGH PITCH COPPER |
CDA 110 |
CU 99.90 |
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OXYGEN FREE COPPER |
CDA 101 |
CU 99.99 |
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OXYGEN FREE COPPER |
CDA 102 |
CU 99.95 |
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OXYGEN FREE SILVER BEARING COPPER |
CDA 107 |
CU 99.95 AG .085 |
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TELLURIUM BEARING COPPER |
CDA
C14500 |
CU 99.90
TE.40-.60 |
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ZIRCONIUM COPPER |
CDA
C15000 |
CU 99.80
ZR .10-.20 |
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CADMIUM
COPPER |
CDA
C16200 |
CU REM
CD .7-1.2 FE .02 |
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BERYLLIUM COPPER ALLOY 165 |
CDA
C17000 |
CU REM
BE 1.60-1.79 |
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BERYLLIUM COPPER ALLOY 25 |
CDA
C17200 |
CU REM
BE 1.80-2.00 |
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LEADED
BERYLLIUM COPPER ALLOY |
CDA
C17300 |
CU REM
BE 1.80-2.00
PB .20-.60 |
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LOW
BERYLLIUM COPPER ALLOY |
CDA
C17410 |
CU REM
BE .15-.50
CO .35-.60 |
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BERYLLIUM COPPER ALLOY 10 |
CDA
C17500 |
CU 99.5
BE .20-.70
CO 2.4-2.7 |
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BERYLLIUM COPPER ALLOY 3 OR 14 |
CDA
C17510 |
CU REM
BE .20-.60
NI 1.4-2.2 |
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GILDING BRONZE 95/5 ALLOY |
CDA C21000 |
CU 94.0-96.0 ZN BAL |
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COMMERCIAL BRONZE 90/10 ALLOY |
CDA C22000 |
CU 89.0-91.0 ZN BAL |
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RED BRASS 85/15 ALLOY |
CDA C23000 |
CU 84.0-86.0 ZN BAL |
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LOW BRASS 80/20 ALLOY |
CDA C24000 |
CU 78.5-81.5 ZN BAL |
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CARTRIDGE BRASS 70/30 ALLOY |
CDA C26000 |
CU 68.5-71.5 ZN BAL |
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YELLOW BRASS 65/35 ALLOY |
CDA C27000 |
CU 63.0-68.5 ZN BAL |
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HIGH
LEADED BRASS 62% |
CDA
C35300 |
CU
60.0-63.0 PB 1.5-2.5
ZN BAL |
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FREE CUTTING BRASS LEADED 3% ALLOY |
CDA C36000 |
CU 60.0-63.0 PB 2.5-3.7
FE .35 ZN BAL |
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TIN
BRASS |
CDA
C43600 |
CU
80.0-83.0 SN .2-.5
ZN BAL |
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NICKEL
ALLOY 200 |
N02200 |
NI 99.2
NOM |
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NICKEL
ALLOY 205 |
N02205 |
NI 99.6
NOM |
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MONEL
400 |
N04400 |
NI
63.0-70.00 FE 2.5
MN 2.0 SI .5 CU BAL |
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52 ALLOY
CONTROLLED EXPANSION |
ALLOY
52 |
NI 52 FE
BAL |
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KOVAR
CONTROLLED EXPANSION ALLOY |
KOVAR |
NI 29 CO
17 FE BAL |
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PHOSPHOR BRONZE 1.8% ALLOY |
CDA C50700 |
CU REM SN 1.5-2.0 P .30 |
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PHOSPHOR BRONZE GRADE A 5% ALLOY |
CDA C51000 |
CU REM SN 4.2-5.8
ZN .30 P .03-.35 |
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PHOSPHOR BRONZE GRADE C 8% ALLOY |
CDA C52100 |
CU REM SN 7.0-9.0
ZN .20 P .03-.35 |
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PHOSPHOR BRONZE GRADE C 8% ALLOY |
CDA C52100 |
CU REM SN 7.0-9.0
ZN .20 P .03-.35 |
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LEADED
BRONZE B-2 |
CDA
C54400 |
CU REM
SN 3.5-4.5 PB 3.5-4.5 ZN 1.5-4.5 P .01-.50 |
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HIGH SILICON BRONZE A |
CDA C65500 |
CU REM FE .8 MN .5-1.3 NI .6
SI 2.8-3.8 ZN 1.5 |
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CUPRO
NICKEL ALLOY 80/20 |
CDA
C71000 |
CU REM
FE 1.0 MN 1.0
NI 19.0-23.0 ZN 1.0 |
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CUPRO
NICKEL ALLOY 70/30 |
CDA
C71500 |
CU REM
FE 4.0-1.0 MN 1.0
NI 29.0-33.0 ZN 1.0 |
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TIN-BEARING COPPER NICKEL 9-2 |
CDA
C72500 |
CU REM
NI 8.5-10.5 SN
1.8-2.8 FE .6 ZN .5 MN .2 |
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NICKEL SILVER 72-18 |
CDA C73500 |
CU 70-73.5.0 MN .50 FE .25
NI 16.5-1950 ZN BAL |
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NICKEL SILVER 65-18 |
CDA C75200 |
CU 63.5-66.5 MN .5 FE .25
NI 16.5-19.5 ZN BAL |
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NICKEL SILVER 65-12 |
CDA C75700 |
CU 63.5-66.5 MN .5 FE .25
NI 11.0-13.0 ZN BAL |
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NICKEL SILVER 60-18 |
CDA C76400 |
CU 58.5-61.5 MN .5 FE .25
NI 16.5-19.5 ZN BAL |
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FINE
SILVER |
N/A |
AG 99.9 |
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STERLING
SILVER |
N/A |
AG 92.5
CU BAL |
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COPPER
CLADDED STEEL |
C1005/C1006 |
40%
CONDUCTIVITY |
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DUMET |
42
ALLOY |
22%
COPPER CLADDED |
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Brasses contain Zinc as
the principal alloying element.
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Other alloying elements
may also be present to impart advantageous properties.
These elements include Iron, Aluminium, Nickel and
Silicon.
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Brasses are most commonly
characterised by their free machining grades by which
machining standards are set for all other metals.
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Brasses can also have
high corrosion resistance and high tensile strength. Some
brasses are also suited to hot forging.
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Adding Lead to a brass
composition can result in a brass with the ability to be
rapidly machined. It will also produce less tool wear.
Adding Aluminium, Iron and Manganese to brass improves
strength. Silicon additions improve wear resistance.
Brasses are divided into two classes and three families. |
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Brasses are divided
into two classes. These are :
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The alpha alloys,
with less than 37% Zinc. These alloys are ductile and can
be cold worked.
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The alpha/beta or
duplex alloys with 37-45% Zinc. These alloys have limited
cold ductility and are typically harder and stronger.
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There are three
main families of wrought alloy brasses : |
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Copper-Zinc alloys
Copper-Zinc-Lead
alloys (Leaded brasses)
Copper-Zinc-Tin alloys (Tin brasses) |
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Cast brass alloys can be broken into four main
families : |
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Copper-Tin-Zinc alloys (red, semi-red and yellow
brasses)
Manganese Bronze alloys (high strength yellow
brasses) and Leaded Manganese Bronze alloys (leaded
high strength yellow brasses)
Copper-Zinc-Silicon alloys (Silicon brasses and
bronzes)
Cast Copper-Bismuth and Copper-Bismuth-Selenium
alloys. |
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The
term bronze originally described alloys with Tin
as the only or principal alloying element.
Modern day bronzes tend to be Copper alloys in
which the major alloying element is not Nickel or
Zinc.
Bronzes can be further broken down into four
families for both wrought and cast alloys. |
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Bronze
Families |
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The wrought bronze
alloy families are : |
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Copper-Tin-Phosphorus alloys (Phosphor Bronzes)
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Copper-Tin-Lead-Phosphorus alloys (Leaded Phosphor
Bronzes)
- Copper-Aluminium
alloys (Aluminium Bronzes)
- Copper-Silicon
alloys (Silicon Bronzes)
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The
cast bronze alloy families are : |
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- Copper-Tin alloys
(Tin Bronzes)
- Copper-Tin-Lead
alloys (Leaded and high leaded Tin Bronzes)
- Copper-Tin-Nickel
alloys (nickel-tin bronzes)
- Copper-Aluminium
alloys (Aluminium Bronzes)
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Copper is the
oldest metal used by man. It’s use dates back to
prehistoric times. Copper has been mined for more than
10,000 years with a Copper pendant found in current day
Iraq being dated to 8700BC. By 5000BC Copper was being
smelted from simple Copper Oxides.
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Copper is found
as native metal and in the minerals cuprite, malachite,
azurite, chalcopyrite and bornite. It is also often a
by-product of silver production. Sulphides, oxides and
carbonates are the most important ores.
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Copper and
Copper alloys are some of the most versatile engineering
materials available. The combination of physical
properties such as strength, conductivity, corrosion
resistance, machinability and ductility make copper
suitable for a wide range of applications. These
properties can be further enhanced with variations in
composition and manufacturing methods. |
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Building Industry |
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The largest end use for Copper is in the building industry. Within the building industry the use of copper based materials is broad. Construction industry related applications for copper include: |
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- Roofing
- Cladding
- Rainwater systems
- Heating systems
- Water pipes and fittings
- Oil and gas lines
- Electrical wiring
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The building industry is the largest single consumer of copper alloys. The following list is a breakdown of copper consumption by industry on an annual basis: |
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- Building industry – 47%
- Electronic products - 23%
- Transportation - 10%
- Consumer products - 11%
- Industrial machinery - 9%
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There are around 370 commercial compositions for copper alloys. The most common grade tends to be C12200 - the standard water tube grade of copper.World consumption of copper and copper alloys now exceeds 18 million tonnes per annum. |
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- Power transmission lines
- Architectural applications
- Cooking utensils
- Spark plugs
- Electrical wiring, cables and busbars
- High conductivity wires
- Electrodes
- Heat exchangers
- Refrigeration tubing
- Plumbing
- Water-cooled copper crucibles
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English
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Russian |
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